Even with freezing temperatures during the daily cold period, germination was optimum if warm-period temperatures were from 5 to 20 C (Evans et al. It is prohibited to transport, buy, sell, offer for sale, or distribute plants or plant parts of quarantined species into or within the state of Washington or to sell, offer for sale, or distribute seed packets of seed, flower seed blends, or wildflower mixes of quarantined species into or within the state of Washington. MECHANICAL CONTROL. One drawback is its long persistence in the soil, up to 18 months. Flowers are purple. Genus Carduus Species pycnocephalus Variety Cultivar Common names Italian plumeless thistle Family ASTERACEAE Specimen number S1462 Data source BtrflyCa p55 . The distance that seeds can be spread by wind is not known, but it is at least several hundred meters. Larvae of Rhinocyllus conicus feed within the flowerheads of C. pycnocephalus, mining the receptacle and destroying the developing achenes (Goeden 1974, 1978). In southern Europe, all major parts of C. pycnocephalus plants are damaged by one or more insect species, whereas in southern California the thistles are relatively free of insect damage. In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. : This plant is also on the Washington State quarantine list. Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. However, according to Charles Turner (1985) of the USDA Biocontrol Lab in Albany, California, it is possible that these insects may also prey on several of the endangered native thistles in the genus CIRSIUM. Sheep selectively graze the tender thistles and will kill 90-95% of the weeds. Spraying should be done on calm days with dry plants (dew or rain will dilute the herbicide, reducing its effectiveness). Please see WAC 16-752 for more information on the quarantine list. [5][10], Biological control agents have limited success with Carduus pycnocephalus. However, according to Charles Turner (1985) of the USDA Biocontrol Lab in Albany, California, it is possible that these insects may also prey on several of the endangered native thistles in the genus Circium. Selective weed oils: There are several petroleum oils used for weed control. %PDF-1.6 % C. pycnocephalus can germinate at a variety of soil depths. Mowing or slashing is not always reliable because the plant can regrow from the base and produce seeds very quickly. Similarly, plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion. 0[ W d A$WXDHm@,[W DJ_gm "=a*mH. bg3_]@ Q$T5'^ Psylliodes chalcomera was a fairly consistent associate of C. pycnocephalus in its vegetative and early reproductive stages throughout central and southern Italy. On soils of naturally high fertility, thistle invasion can be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils. 2016;30(8):920-5. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1079189. C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. Nile and Mediterranean regions, eastern desert, and Sinai. 1974. [11] Puccinia cardui-pycnocephali is a species of rust (fungus) apparently exclusive to Carduus pycnocephalus. Presentations are linked where available. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted General information about Carduus pycnocephalus (CRUPY) Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. Olympia, WA 98504-2560. Identification and characterization of major flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids in three Compositae plants by LC/DAD-APCI/MS. 1959. Vyuvejte je pro komunikaci s Vaimi klienty a vlastn prezentaci. Ants may also play a role in dispersing the seeds (Uphof 1942). %%EOF Former preserve manager Greg Wolley (1986) has used both hand pulling and cutting to destroy the plants at Ring Mountain Preserve, CA. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. It is most abundant in coastal areas and occurs as a weed of pastures, ranges, roadsides, rural areas, fallow cropland, railroad rights-of-way, field margins, and ditchbanks (Goeden and Ricker 1978). 463 0 obj <>stream Herbicides can be applied uniformly over an area (for large infestations) or by spot spraying only the individual plants. Seeds buried 1.3 cm deep show the highest percentage emergence, whereas 20 to 25% of seeds buried 5 to 10 cm deep remain dormant. According to Goeden (1974), C. pycnocephalus serves as an alternative food-plant or breeding host to a diversity of phytophagous insects, most of which are euryphagous, ectophagous, sap- or foliage-feeding species. carduus Carduus pycnocephalus var. Carduus pycnocephalus and C. tenuiflorus behaved as short-season annuals, C. vulgare and Onopordum showed a strongly biennial response, and the other species were annual except for C. nutans . 2,4-D is lethal to 50% of tested animals (LD50) at 300-1000 mg/kg body weight and is classified as being of "little" to "some" hazard. A Certified Pest Control Applicator should be hired for large jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Italian thistle is a spiny annual or sometimes biennial that can grow 6 to 8 feet in height. For larger areas where the thistles are dominant, cultivation and cropping is a successful method of control provided a vigorous perennial pasture is established immediately after the cropping phase. Carduus pycnocephalus L, which is related to the Astraceae family, was well-known as a privileged medicinal plant that has innumerable respected biological potency. Foodplant / internal feederlarva of Chaetostomella cylindrica feeds within capitulum of Carduus pycnocephalus, Foodplant / spot causeramphigenous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph of Ramularia cynarae causes spots on live leaf of Carduus pycnocephalus, Foodplant / feeds onlarva of Terellia serratulae feeds on Carduus pycnocephalus, In Great Britain and/or Ireland:Foodplant / galllarva of Urophora solstitialis causes gall of capitulum of Carduus pycnocephalus, Foodplant / feeds onlarva of Urophora stylata feeds on Carduus pycnocephalusRemarks: Other: uncertain. Hand pulling, cultivation, and grazing are all effective control measures. A winter annual, Carduus pycnocephalus stems range from 8 inches (20 cm) to 6.6 feet (2.0 m), and are glabrous to slightly wooly. Before Spraying oil on thistle will be effective only if entire plants are coated. 0 Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. (2005) have reported the presence subsp. Element Stewardship Abstract; Don Pitcher, Mary J. Russo (revision), 1986. "Larvae thought to be Ceutorhynchus trimacu- latus were recovered from mines in crowns of C. pycnocephalus rosettes in central Italy, though only adults were positively identified as fairly consistent associates of this plant. It crowds out more desirable forage, as well as native plants, and excludes livestock grazing where infestations are dense. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Control of C. pycnocephalus requires active management once it becomes established in an area. The essential oil of the air dried aerial parts of Carduus pycnocephalus L. F. Asteraceae was prepared by hydrodistillation. 2023 Jan 10;12(2):319. doi: 10.3390/plants12020319. 437 0 obj <>/Encrypt 394 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6077C6EA8B98D0438538133787DC7747><7352E31CF2E5D44D8E07E3D1DB06B7BC>]/Index[393 71]/Info 392 0 R/Length 171/Prev 295012/Root 395 0 R/Size 464/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Slashing is more effective than mowing as it destroys the aerial part of the plant more thoroughly (Parsons 1973). Cal. Typing "Northwestern Sedge" return only 'Northwestern Sedge'. Picloram (Tordon): Dr. Jim McHenry (1985) of the University of California, Davis, recommends picloram to control C. pycnocephalus on Nature Conservancy lands. Native to: Northern Africa, Asia and Western and Southern Europe GRAZING, Grazing by sheep, goats, and horses can be effective in control- ling thistles, but cattle are of little value (Parsons 1973). Seeds are light brown to brown with veins, 0.18 to 0.24 inches (4 to 6 mm long), with hairs attache at one end. Italian thistle can facilitate fire spread and frequency by providing fuels in some habitats and creates monocultures that reduce native seedling recruitment and survival. C. pycnocephalus can germinate at a variety of soil depths. 1979). GERMINATION AND GROWTH. Flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were the predominant classes of secondary metabolites characterizing the extracts. It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent.[2]. This species has been studied in depth by USDA entomologists as a natural enemy of musk thistle, but certainly should also be considered for importation into California for C. pycnocephalus control" (Goeden 1974). C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. It is a host species for the introduced weevil, Rhinocilus conicus, which also attacks native thistles. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Common names Italian plumeless thistle in . Certorhynchus trimaculatus occurs in Europe and northern Africa (Bolt et al. U ns najdete distel obrzky, kter hledte. A winter annual, Carduus pycnocephalus stems range from 8 inches (20cm) to 6.6 feet (2.0m), and are glabrous to slightly wooly. Generally it does poorly on the surface of a bare seedbed, but on the surface of clay soils it shows 70% germination. The hydroalcoholic extracts of four wild edible Carduus species collected in Sardinia (Carduus argyroa Biv., Carduus nutans subsp. 1972) and in 1973 to control C. pycnocephalus in southern California (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Carduus pycnocephalus reproduces only by seed. Then sheep will graze the thistle along with the grass. According to Wheatley and Collett (1981), hand-hoeing is effective for small patches, but make sure to sever the root a good 10 cm below ground level. pycnocephalus / Plymouth Thistle / Xewk tal-fjura gira. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Cauline leaves are tomentose on the underside and contain spines on the lobe tips. The labels also give more precise information on mixing and safety precautions. Dr. McHenry recommends using a flat-fan nozzle (Spraying Systems Co. #8003 or 8004 nozzle tip) rather than the cone nozzles available on most garden sprayers. Italian Plumeless-thistle - Italian plumeless thistle. Drought favors a rapid increase in the thistle population. /Length 9 0 R The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. 1981). [8][12][13], Grazing by sheep or goats (not cattle) in Australia has showed promise as well.[14]. Don Pitcher, Mary J. Russo ( revision ), 1986 several hundred meters earlier stage than on poorer.... Its long persistence in the soil, up to 18 months ( fungus ) apparently exclusive to Carduus pycnocephalus should... Be effective only if entire plants are coated by LC/DAD-APCI/MS grazing where infestations are dense, and excludes grazing! A spiny annual or sometimes biennial that can grow 6 to 8 feet in height thistle. Plants, and grazing are all effective control measures jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides, Mediterranean Macaronesia! Requiring nonselective herbicides Abstract ; Don Pitcher, Mary J. Russo ( revision ), 1986,! Of the page across from the base and produce seeds very quickly similarly, plants which are cut close flowering. ( 2 ):319. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1079189 and survival caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were the predominant classes of secondary metabolites the! 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