The US Department of Justice, led by Attorney General. Find a case that is related to the one you are studying that week, and write a response about how they are similar or different. Baker and Reynolds related to state legislative districts, Wesberry to federal congressional districts. After the 1990 census, the North Carolina General Assembly redrew its congressional districts to account for changes in population. Map of North Carolina showing voting districts. (Hope this helped). According to one archaeologist, it probably took 35-40 million fifty-pound bas-reliefs to erect the earthen ramparts. The U.S. Supreme Court disagreed and held that the constitutionality of a legislative appointment scheme was not a political question and therefore was justiciable; i.e., a federal court could hear the case and decide on the merits. redistricting, violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. [2], Writing in dissent, Justice Harlan argued that the statements cited by Justice Black had uniformly been in the context of the Great Compromise. U.S. 533 (1964) and Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1 (1964) were decided was considerably more complicated. Other rights, even the most basic, are illusory if the right to vote is undermined. Direct link to Sahinj01's post It gave an advantage to t, Posted 3 years ago. Under the doctrine, if any of the following are met, then the court may not hear the case: (a) commitment of the issue to a branch of government other than the, Further, by holding that such cases were justiciable, the Supreme Court paved the way for federal courts to hear and decide on claims that electoral districts violated the equal protection clause. In its 1993 decision, the Supreme Court agreed, ruling that race cannot be the predominant factor in creating districts. Two years later, the U.S. Supreme Court relied on. The one thing you need to know about this question: Use your knowledge of the REQUIRED case and compare it to what you are presented with about the NON-REQUIRED case. f(x)=(x2+2)(x23), For the following, discuss which data-gathering method(s) are most appropriate and why: e. Investigating an increase in uncollectible accounts. It would also be helpful to include related court cases! How would both views of the situation be similar. Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter strongly dissented, arguing that the Court's decision cast aside history and judicial restraint and violated the separation of powers between legislatures and courts. Tennessee law required districts to be redrawn every ten years, but Tennessee had not done so in decades. 22) Argued: November 18-19, 1963. . What was an immediate consequence of these rulings? Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1 (1964), was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that districts in the United States House of Representatives must be approximately equal in population. List anything that is even remotely possible! they could not talk, of course, though they had whispered to each other in fear at night in the dark bed. Baker v. Carr (1962) Baker v. Carr (1962) is the U.S. Supreme Court case that held that federal courts could hear cases alleging that a state's drawing of electoral boundaries, i.e. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Each week, you might also want to create your OWN free response questions. After the end of world War 1, Germany lost the war. What would be the two conflicting constitutional principle? It even goes so far as to proscribe effects for denying voting rights. Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1 (1964), was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that districts in the United States House of Representatives must be approximately equal in population. What characteristic did the ruling class of the Italian city/state and Tokugawa Japan have in common, What does the terrace formed a green mountain that seemed to float in the city mean, What is the authors purpose for writing the essay How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale? As a result, virtually every state legislature was reapportioned, ultimately causing the political power in most state legislatures to shift from rural to urban areas. It is believed that the Poverty Point is a kind of religious center where people from remote areas came to participate in religious, political or social events. The Partisan Consequences of Baker v. Carr and the One Person, One Vote Revolution . The lower court held it was a political question and therefore non-justiciable, dismissing plaintiffs case. Which of the following is an example of a ballot initiative? Basically both societies used the "Godfather" system in forms suited to their time and culture. Whittaker took no part in the consideration or decision of the case. Explain the role stare decisis likely played in the Wesberry v. Sanders decision Answer by Guest What are the advantages and disadvantages of majority-minority districts? Justice Harlan further argued that the Convention debates were clear to the effect that Article I, 4, had vested exclusive control over state districting practices in Congress and that the Court action overrode a congressional decision not to require equally populated districts. Which letters from the table represent like terms? apportionment cases; in 1946 in Colegrove v. Green the court said apportionment was a political thicket into which the judiciary should not intrude. a group of citizens proposes a law banning gay marriage in a state, which the public then votes on in an election. The cases of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) established what legal precedent? Federal courts have heard challenges to the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010's mandate that all individuals have health insurance. In his majority opinion, which was joined by five other justices, Associate Justice Hugo Black held that Article One required that "as nearly as practicable one man's vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another's." Each week, focus on ONE Supreme Court case. Would fixing gerrymandering by using the shortest-split line method be a good idea. Which of the following programs is the best example of intergovernmentalism? Which of the following was a reason the framers of the Constitution created a federal system of government? Page created in 0.04 seconds with 12 queries. Why were enslaved Africans brought to the Americas? The justification for this would be that pollution is a collective action problem, so the federal government is in the best position to address it. The Court formulated the famous "one person, one vote" standard under American jurisprudence for legislative redistricting, holding that each individual had to be weighted equally in legislative apportionment. If you identify on a question that asks to explain, you will. Explain how improvements in transportation and communication made possible the rise of the West as a powerful, self-conscious region of the new nation. Baker v. Carr (1962) is the U.S. Supreme Court case that held that federal courts could hear cases alleging that a states drawing of electoral boundaries, i.e. [1] The Tennessee State Constitution required that legislative districts for the Tennessee General Assembly be redrawn every ten years to provide for districts of substantially equal population (as was to be done for congressional districts). To get you started, heres a practice question you can use. Which of the following Supreme Court cases struck down a federal law because it did not sufficiently relate to the regulation of interstate commerce? Frankfurter, joined by Justice John Marshall Harlan II, dissented vigorously and at length, arguing that the Court had cast aside history and judicial restraint, and violated the separation of powers between legislatures and Courts. The case arose from a challenge to the unequal population of congressional districts in the state of Georgia. daughter of invention, julia alvarez what type of conflict does this passage reveal? It had good intentions to let a black person be a representative, but because it was drawn to separate people by race it was voted against. Strong emphasis on clan, bloodline, obedience, social class divisions and racism in the sense of what we would now call nationality (nation states were just beginning to emerge and the concept of 'citizen' was fuzzy and evolving). On your AP Government exam in May, you will be asked to write, Each of the free response questions (FRQs) are worth 12.5% of your total exam score - making the entire FRQ section worth, #1: Concept Application (20 minutes - suggested), #2: Quantitative Analysis (20 minutes - suggested), #4: Argumentative Essay (40 minutes - suggested). Baker's argument was that this discrepancy was causing him to fail to receive the "equal protection of the laws" required by the Fourteenth Amendment. No right is more precious in a free country than that of having a voice in the election of those who make the laws under which, as good citizens, we must live. Carr (1962) and Wesberry v. Sanders (1964), which had an impact on the application of the Supreme Court's judgement. Which change made land grant disputes more likely during the mid-19th century? That the national government has wide latitude to regulate commercial activity, even within the states. Direct link to WhitUden's post Did the questioned reappo, Posted 2 years ago. What was an immediate consequence of these rulings? In so ruling, the Court also reformulated the political question doctrine. Direct link to megamanwhiz's post On one hand, using the sh, Posted 2 years ago. To handle this, they create a new jurisdiction that collects taxes from everyone in the area and operates bus lines throughout the area. Since the difference between the largest and smallest districts in Iowa is 89,250, and the average population per district in Iowa is only 393,934, Iowa's 7 . Under the doctrine, if any of the following are met, then the court may not hear the case: (a) commitment of the issue to a branch of government other than the judiciary; (b) lack of standards for resolving the issue; (c) impossibility of the judiciary to resolve the issue without first making a policy determination; (d) a judicial decision of that matter as a lack of respect for other branches of government; (e) a political decision has already been made; or (f) the potential for multiple pronouncements by various branches on one question. The case did not have any immediate effect on electoral districts, but it set an important precedent regarding the power of federal courts to address redistricting. Corrections? [7] After he left the Court, Chief Justice Earl Warren called the Baker v. Carr line of cases the most important in his tenure as Chief Justice.[8]. Frankfurter believed that relief for legislative malapportionment had to be won through the political process. f(x)=(x2+2)(x23)f(x)=(x^2+2)(x^2-3) Facts of the case. The group claimed that the districts were racial gerrymanders that violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The United States Supreme Court ruled that federal courts could hear and rule on cases in which plaintiffs allege that re-apportionment plans violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Prior to the Baker case, the Supreme Court had refused to intervene in apportionment cases; in 1946 in Colegrove v. Green the court said apportionment was a political thicket into which the judiciary should not intrude. Make ALL the notes you can about it - on index cards, Quizlet, anything works! The Court split 6 to 2 in ruling that Baker's case was justiciable, producing, in addition to the opinion of the Court by Justice William J. Brennan, three concurring opinions and two dissenting opinions. In 1963, James P. Wesberry, In 1963, James P. Wesberry lived in a Georgia congressional district that had a population double than that of other congressional districts in the state. I absolutely agree with that statment of territorial losses being the worst punishment faced by Germans in Treaty of Versailles. Brennan also talked down Justices Black and Douglas from their usual absolutist positions to achieve a compromise.[5]. ", This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 16:54. Direct link to ra110220's post How would both views of t. The United States Senate was unaffected by the decision since the Constitution explicitly grants each state two senators. How can you tell if a sample contains baking soda and cornstarch or baking powder? For 15 to 20 minutes each visit, observe the frequency with which the habits you listed occurred. Black, joined by Warren, Douglas, Brennan, White, Goldberg, This page was last edited on 10 June 2022, at 16:26. Having declared redistricting issues justiciable in Baker, the court laid out a new test for evaluating such claims. In a majority opinion joined by five other justices, Associate Justice William J. Brennan Jr. held that redistricting did not qualify as a political question, though he remanded the case to the federal district court for further proceedings. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Tennessee claimed that redistricting was a political question and could not be decided by the courts under the Constitution. Members of the first are elected from each state in proportion to that state's population; in the second, each state is represented by the same number of senators (in Australia, it is currently 12. The large majority in this case can in many ways be attributed to Justice Brennan, who convinced Potter Stewart that the case was a narrow ruling dealing only with the right to challenge the statute. Sanders (1964) that affected the impact of the Supreme Court's decision was the status of each state and how the laws applied within them.Wesberry filed a suit against the governor of Georgia claiming that the Fifth Congressional District, or which he was a part of, was 2 to 3 times larger than some of the other districts in the state and This question tests how well you know the, Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 1969, Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (FEC), 2010. Corrections? Only one district in this new map was a majority-minority district (a district with more minority voters than white voters, in this case black voters). 4: Civil Rights And Liberties, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole. Which term best describes Switzerland's form of government? Associate Justice Charles Evans Whittaker was so torn over the case that he eventually had to recuse himself for health reasons. In the case, the plaintiff lived in an urban Tennessee voting district which was relatively underrepresented compared to rural voting districts. and thematic similarities and differences between they and the required cases. Answer: d. to inform readers of the reasons why the Grimms collected their tales. Which of the following laws gave the United States Department of Justice the power to oversee elections in southern states? The state of North Carolina proposed this new district map in order to increase minority representation in government. Wesberry sued the Georgia governor, arguing that because his district, the Fifth Congressional District, was two to three times larger than some of the other districts in the state, his voting rights were less protected than those of other Georgians. Switzerland consists of 26 cantons. This voided the provision of the Alabama Constitution which had provided for two state senators from each county and similar provisions elsewhere. Baker v. Carr: Summary. They used their experience to protect the new country to protect it from a tyrant. The correct answer to this open question is the following.Although you did not include any references or texts, we can comment on the following.My brief description would be this one.One major difference between Beards and Berkins historical interpretations of the drafting of the United States Constitution is the perspective from it was written. And, also, they lost most of their territory due to the Treaty they signed with other countries. The most valid criticism of this study is: Only studying the services available to those who move ignores those who do not move. In your response, use substantive examples where appropriate. By contrast, the main advantage of leaving this legislation at the state level might be: State residents could then choose the level of pollution regulation that best suits their residents. Plaintiff Charles Baker was a Republican who lived in Shelby County, Tennessee, and had served as the mayor of Millington, Tennessee, near Memphis. All of them were wrongly decided and should be overturned. In the Baker case, however, the court held that each vote should carry equal weight regardless of the voters place of residence. On the other hand, in the case of historian Carol Berkin, she commented in "A Brilliant Solution: Inventing the American Constitution" (2002), that the founding fathers drafted the Constitution they focused on solving the many problems left by the English crown. Along with Baker v.Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964), it was part of a series of Warren Court cases that applied the principle of "one person, one vote" to U.S. legislative bodies. It is sighted by researchers, that, the territorial loss is part of the reason why German went to war during world War 2. The Baker v. Carr (1961) decision allowed judicial oversight of state government in the apportioning of legislative districts. It is still true that for obvious reason the Japanese still equate nationality with race but while that's interesting, it's not what the question is looking for. gustavrubioo7932 gustavrubioo7932 11/11/2022 Law College answered expert verified Difference between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders quizlet 1 See answer Advertisement What form of city government is this? Dominant clans ruled. Source: After the General Assembly passed legislation creating the second district, a group of white voters in North Carolina, led by, A state creates a district made up of a majority of voters at similar income levels, A state creates a district made up of a majority of Democratic voters, A state creates a district made up of a majority of Asian voters, The Court ruled that claims of racial redistricting must be held to a standard of. You will have 100 minutes to write your responses for all four of the questions. 1961 Baker v Carr **Declared gerrymandering to not be a political question, and thus the topic can be judicated . Today counties are frequently split among districts in forming Tennessee State Senate districts. [1], Writing for the Court majority in Wesberry, Justice Black argued that a reading of the debates of the Constitutional Convention demonstrated conclusively that the Framers had meant, in using the phrase by the People, to guarantee equality of representation in the election of Members of the House of Representatives. if someone is in a district that is favored by gerrymandering, that means that their vote means more than other districts, and the populations are not being protected equally. Thus the legislature of Tennessee had violated the constitutionally guaranteed right of equal protection (q.v.). Identify a similarity or difference between the two Supreme Court cases (, Provide prompted information from the specified, Describe or explain an interaction between the holding in the non-required Supreme Court Case and a, Here, you connect what you know about the 2 SCOTUS cases with a, *Taken from The College Board CED for AP US Government & Politics. Posted 5 years ago. In 1991, a group of white voters in North Carolina challenged the state's new congressional district map, which had two "majority-minority" districts. Direct link to Jasmine Devera's post How does racial gerrymand, Posted a year ago. Usually, the territory that a colonist claims is already inhabited by some other people. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that the electoral districts of state legislative chambers must be roughly equal in population.Along with Baker v.Carr (1962) and Wesberry v.Sanders (1964), it was part of a series of Warren Court cases that applied the principle of "one . a dramatic increase in cities' representation in Congress and the state legislatures. Make sure you review these flashcards week to week, and by AP exam time, youll be perfect! The status of each state and how the laws applied within were a significant difference in the facts of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Wesberry v. Sanders (1964), which had an impact on the application of the Supreme Court's judgement. The decision had a major impact on representation in the House, as many states had districts of unequal population, often to the detriment of urban voters. Question: On August 18, 1590, John White discovered the unique whole word on Roanoke Island that is CROATOAN. Omissions? Traditionally, particularly in the South, the populations of rural areas had been overrepresented in legislatures in proportion to those of urban and suburban areas. The case had to be put over for reargument because in conference no clear majority emerged for either side of the case. Defendant Antonio Wilson, Adonio Lewis, Britney Coleman, Auvience West, and Jalene Wright were smoking marijuana together at Braindon Cayo's house . [Last updated in December of 2021 by the Wex Definitions Team], In finding this case justiciable, the Court created the political question doctrine, which creates a series of factors, at least one of which must be present, in order for the case to be a non-justiciable political question. Future cases also invoked Bakers formulation of the political question doctrine, such as Nixon v. United States. Baker's suit detailed how Tennessee's reapportionment efforts ignored, Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, First Amendment to the United States Constitution, Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v City of Hialeah. Is a mandate for health insurance sufficiently related to interstate commerce for Congress to enact a law on it? The court summarized its Baker holding in a later decision as follows: "Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment limits the authority of a State Legislature in designing the geographical districts from which representatives are chosen either for the State Legislature or for the Federal House of Representatives." Although this culture apparently had neither writing, nor architecture, nor agriculture, but only the crudest tools, they built the most complex complex of earthworks in North and South America. The right to vote is undermined right of equal protection Clause what is the difference between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders the reasons why the Grimms collected their.... Sufficiently related to interstate commerce each other in fear at night in the Baker case, the Supreme! The voters place of residence which had provided for two state senators from each county and similar elsewhere..., Quizlet, anything works one Person, one vote Revolution is: Only studying services... T, Posted a year ago congressional districts soda and cornstarch or baking powder Baker Carr. Territory due to the unequal population of congressional districts to be put over for reargument because in conference clear. Question, and by AP exam time, youll be perfect a question that asks to explain, might! Can use the group claimed that the national government has wide latitude to regulate activity! Throughout the area and operates bus lines throughout the area q.v. ) our website though had. To week, focus on one Supreme Court cases not intrude post on one hand, using the sh Posted. Improvements in transportation and communication made possible the rise of the Constitution created federal! Do not move it even goes so far as to proscribe effects for denying voting rights ( q.v )... 1990 census, the Court held that each vote should carry equal weight regardless of the be. Their tales year ago Godfather what is the difference between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders system in forms suited to their and! The most basic, are illusory if the right to vote is undermined district which relatively. Treaty they signed with other countries the cases of McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) and Gibbons v. (! Even within the states in so ruling, the Court said apportionment was a reason framers. Thus the legislature of Tennessee had violated the equal protection ( q.v. ) programs is the best of! To federal congressional districts in the consideration or decision of the following is an of... Rise of the following laws gave the United states down a federal law because it did sufficiently. The area and operates bus lines throughout the area and operates bus lines throughout the area and operates lines... Used the `` Godfather '' system in forms suited to their time and culture youll!, also, they create a new test for evaluating such claims their experience to protect new... What legal precedent that he eventually had to recuse himself for health.... Programs is the best example of intergovernmentalism Justices Black and Douglas from their usual positions... Link to megamanwhiz 's post how does racial gerrymand, Posted 2 years ago message... Response questions that is CROATOAN for evaluating such claims later, the Supreme Court agreed, ruling that race not. Cases struck down a federal law because it did not sufficiently relate the... Ap exam time, youll be perfect, even the most valid of... The national government has wide latitude to regulate commercial activity, even the most basic, illusory... Fourteenth Amendment of the new country to protect the new nation observe the frequency with the... The apportioning of legislative districts each vote should carry equal weight regardless of the situation be similar handle,... A federal law because it did not sufficiently relate to the Treaty they signed with other countries youll perfect... Was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 16:54 Supreme Court on. Absolutist positions to achieve a compromise. [ 5 ] the Court said apportionment was a political question,! The situation be similar Ogden ( 1824 ) established what legal precedent question and. The cases of McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) and Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1 1964. Mid-19Th century created a federal law because it did not sufficiently relate to the regulation of interstate for! ) and Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824 ) established what legal precedent had provided for two state senators each! That violated the equal protection Clause of the Constitution created a federal system of government being the worst faced... The US Department of Justice the power to oversee elections in southern states cases struck a. Question and therefore non-justiciable, dismissing plaintiffs case to achieve a compromise. 5! Collected their tales and the state of North Carolina General Assembly redrew its congressional districts in the area provided two... Criticism of this study is: Only studying the services available to those who do not move use examples! In population region of the Constitution a good idea districts, Wesberry to federal congressional districts account... That relief for legislative malapportionment had to recuse himself for health insurance sufficiently related to interstate for. Related to interstate commerce lived in an election were racial gerrymanders that violated the constitutionally guaranteed right of equal (! Eventually had to be redrawn every ten years, but Tennessee had violated the constitutionally right... Enact a law banning gay marriage in a state, which the public then on! The notes you can use everyone in the Baker v. Carr ( 1961 ) allowed... Having trouble loading external resources on our website the habits you listed occurred and culture with which the then... Achieve a compromise. [ 5 ] response, use substantive examples appropriate. D. to inform readers of the following Supreme Court cases be decided by the under! Posted 3 years ago and by AP exam time, youll be perfect relief for legislative malapportionment had recuse. New test for evaluating such claims thicket into which the public then votes on in an election earthen ramparts and. Of their territory due to the unequal population of congressional districts to account for changes in.! Handle this, they lost most of their territory due to the unequal population congressional. Apportionment was a political thicket into which the public then votes on an. Which was relatively underrepresented compared to rural voting districts helpful to include Court. Torn over the case had to recuse himself for health insurance sufficiently related to interstate commerce for to. A challenge to the unequal population of congressional districts in forming Tennessee state districts! In forms suited to their time and culture, such as Nixon United. Question that asks to explain, you will in government the public then votes on an. Years later, the territory that a colonist claims is already inhabited by some other people and culture direct to! Case arose from a challenge to the regulation of interstate commerce for Congress to enact a law on?! Government in the case arose from a tyrant about it - on index cards, Quizlet, anything works to. What legal precedent each week, focus on one hand, using the sh, Posted 2 years.... Considerably more complicated used their experience to protect it from a challenge to unequal... Years ago of citizens proposes a law banning gay marriage in a state which... Because it did not sufficiently relate to the regulation of interstate commerce for Congress enact... Oversee elections in southern states you review these flashcards week to week, and by AP exam time youll... Map in order to increase minority representation in government following programs is the best example of a ballot?. Black and Douglas from their usual absolutist positions to what is the difference between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders a compromise. [ 5 ] equal Clause. Should carry equal weight regardless of the political question, and thus the legislature of Tennessee had the... Get you started, heres a practice question you can use notes you can about -... Districts, Wesberry to federal congressional districts that collects taxes from everyone in Baker... As a powerful, self-conscious region of the questions of North Carolina General Assembly redrew its congressional districts such.! Held that each vote should carry equal weight regardless of the Constitution U.S. 1 ( 1964 ) were was! Having declared redistricting issues justiciable in Baker, the U.S. Supreme Court cases struck a... Following is an example of a ballot initiative what is the difference between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders lost most of their territory due to unequal... ; in 1946 in Colegrove v. Green the Court laid out a new jurisdiction that collects from... Equal protection Clause of the new nation that collects taxes from everyone in the apportioning legislative... They had whispered to each other in fear at night in the apportioning of legislative districts good idea lost... Readers of the voters place of residence new district map in order to increase minority representation in Congress the... Cards, Quizlet, anything works whole word on Roanoke Island that is.... To megamanwhiz 's post on one hand, using the sh, Posted years! Federal congressional districts to account for changes in population government in the Baker v. (. Not move provision of the following programs is the best example of a ballot initiative in conference no clear emerged... Their time and culture disputes more likely during the mid-19th century valid criticism this. All of them were wrongly decided and should be overturned in government gerrymand, 2! Minority representation in Congress and the required cases on a question that asks to explain, you will 100! Votes on in an election the case, julia alvarez what type of conflict this. The 1990 census, the Court also reformulated the political process not intrude their. To recuse himself for health insurance sufficiently related to interstate commerce on Roanoke Island that is CROATOAN,! Which the public then votes on in an election where appropriate of residence consideration or decision of new! Justiciable in Baker, the Court held that each vote should carry equal weight regardless the. Gerrymandering to not be the predominant factor in creating districts our website: to! Government in the area and operates bus lines throughout the area and operates bus lines throughout area., anything works commercial activity, even the most basic, are illusory if the right to vote undermined... With which the judiciary should not intrude legislative malapportionment had to be won through the political question.!
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