The Visigoths were a nomadic Germanic tribe which flourished in Europe during the time of the Romans. They also declared that Spain's foreign policy must promote Spanish interests and that the Cortes should meet every three years. He disliked having Philip, a foreign prince, on a Spanish throne. Called Protector, Somerset virtually ruled England for several years, but he found it difficult to deal with several rebellions that broke out in 1549. One of the most important events of Henry VIII's reign was the closing of monasteries. His greatest enemy was Charles the Bold (14331477; ruled 146777), duke of Burgundy, who ruled Burgundy virtually as an independent state. Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. The consolidation of the kingdom of France under one ruler was now complete. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. They Francis corresponded with the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus and sponsored a royal lecture series that supported promising scholars. According to an official report, when the soldiers reached the city they were so upset by the corruption of the Roman clergy that they committed atrocities. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. Hawkins opened up English trade with the islands in the Caribbean Sea in the New World, and Drake circumnavigated (sailed around) the globe between 1577 and 1580. Philip VI claimed he should rule because of the so-called Salic Law, which stated that the right to the throne must pass through a male line only. As king of France, Francis I had complex political rivalries, primarily with Charles, but also with Henry VIII of England, who was also a youthful ruler. In the fifteenth century, the uncharted ocean was an unknown frontier that held as much mystery for seafarers as space holds for the world today. The plot failed, however, and Essex was arrested. Numerous wealthy city-states competed for trade rights around the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas, and the Italian Wars (a conflict between France and Spain for control in Italy) raged for sixty-four years (see "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). successor to the throne. Charles received funding for both the trip and the bribe. In 1554 he formed an alliance between Spain and England by arranging for his son Philip II (15271598; ruled 155698) to marry the Catholic English queen, Mary I (see "England" section previously in this chapter). From Turkey to Tonga and Japan to Jordan, royal families have overseen the development of their countries throughout history as heads of state, rulers, and . Almost from the beginning, things went wrong with the complicated Spanish plan. During the standoff, in 1569, King Philip II ordered all Moriscosincluding those who were not involved in the conflictout of Castile, Estremadura, and central Andalusia. In 1536 Henry discovered that Anne had been unfaithful to him and he had her beheaded. Francis died of gout and liver disease at Rambouillet, France, in 1547. Over the next thirty years the French armies continued to advance, winning major battles against the English. MadLife. When Francis swore as a gentleman to return to captivity if he failed to live up to his end of the bargain, Charles agreed to set him free. A year later, in October and November 1520, Magellan navigated the treacherous straits (now known as the Straits of Magellan) at the continent's cape and sailed across the Pacific, the world's largest ocean. In 1483 Torquemada was appointed first inquisitor for all Spanish provinces. He married Louis's daughter, Claude de France, in 1514. The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families. The Spaniards' worst fears were realized when Charles's political advisers arrived in Spain. Some European explorers were inspired by the myth of Prester John, a Christian king rumored to be living somewhere in eastern Asia. The merchants of India were immediately suspicious of this highly organized expedition from Europe. Alba's repression continued unchecked, but by 1573 Philip had seen enough. The Moriscos revolted in Granada and had to be forcibly restrained. Henry VIII, whose heart had never really been in the war, also quickly came to terms with Charles. By 1538, when a peace agreement was signed in Nice, France, both sides were financially exhausted. Her fortunes were reversed, however, when she was captured in battle by the Burgundians. execution of Louis XVI. In 1630 the Netherlands seized some coastal towns in northern Brazil. The Spanish drove the French out of Italy in 1495. The Armada was doomed when a powerful storm, which the English called the "Great Protestant Wind," swept through the Channel. When Gama returned to Calicut in 1502, with the purpose of turning it into a Portuguese colony, the city's head administrator, or Samuri, sent a ship full of envoys (representatives) to discuss the captain's intentions. During the reign of Charles I, England was embroiled in a civil war between the Puritans and supporters of the monarchy. The problems started when Isabella died in 1504. . The Reformation had begun thirteen years earlier, just before Charles became king of Spain. In a.d. 711 twelve thousand Moors, led by Triq ibn Ziyd (died c. 720), crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and invaded Spain. Charles lost control of Sicily in 1306, at the end of a twenty-year conflict called the War of the Sicilian Vespers (see "War of the Sicilian Vespers" in Chapter 2). Q: Which of the following is a phase of the Mightiest Governor event? Under feudalism there were few cities, and most communities consisted of small towns and rural areas clustered around castles, which served as centers of government and social life (see "Castle as center of community" in Chapter 1). Moctezuma II, the Aztec ruler, gave gifts of gold and silver as peace offerings. Royal Family of Denmark. the emperor's wishes. The main problem was that Charles was a foreigner. After. Frederick was married to James's daughter Elizabeth. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. Instead, it was a series of conflicts mixed with periods of peace that began in 1337 and ended in 1453. The growth of the new economy posed threats to the feudal system. Ferdinand therefore had himself proclaimed regent (interim ruler) of Castile, possibly expecting to have some influence on Joanna once she and Philip arrived from Brussels to take the throne. At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. Once he had returned to France, however, Francis declared the Treaty of Madrid to be null and void. The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. In the early 1400s the Renaissance was spreading across Europe. Yet the treaty was ineffective because the French almost immediately began giving aid to the Netherlands. Francis was also forced to make peace by 1529. Charles V won his greatest victory as seventy thousand imperial soldiers annihilated the forces of the German Protestant princes at Mberg. He reached the continent in November. These estates had been given or bequeathed (granted in wills) to monks by religiously devout men and women in exchange for prayers for their souls after they died. Although feudalism had been replaced by a new economic system, social and political structures were still based on the fief. Other notable leaders fled to safety in Germany. In 1527 Henry began demanding a divorce from Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn (c. 15071536), an attendant in the court of Queen Claude of France. They spent vast amounts of money on fortifications and on renewed wars against France and Scotland (a traditional ally of the French). In the 1300s the Catalans had been given the privilege of taxing themselves and voting subsidies (additional funds) for the crown only if they wanted to do so. She was burned at the stake in 1431. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. Since 1066 the English had controlled rich agricultural areas in France, and the two countries had often fought over these territories. Charles's enemies, German Protestant princes who were seeking independence from the Holy Roman Empire, banded together in an elaborate alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League (see "Schmalkaldic League" in Chapter 5). The Napoleonic Code of 1804 was MOST important in World History because it. France was then ravaged by an internal war between the Orlanists (a family in the duchy of Orlans, in north central France) and the Burgundians (a family in the duchy of Burgundy, in northeastern France), who were both claiming the right to the French throne. In addition, Charles would inherit lands in Burgundy (a region of France) that belonged to Maximilian I, and he was in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. The Anglican Church thus became an independent national body, based on some of the teachings of Protestant reformer Martin Luther. Most of all, she embodied the spirit of her peoplea determination to survive and indeed prosper in the face of enormous odds. Tensions between Spain and the Ottomans had reached a peak in the mid-1500s. Former monastic possessions were managed by a new financial bureau, the Court of Augmentations. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. She did not call herself Supreme Head, possibly because it was believed a woman could not head a church. Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great or Charles I, was the king of the Franks from 768 and the king of Italy from 774, and from 800 was the first emperor in western Europe since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. Classical educations were provided to members of the ruling classes and the clergy, and scholars avidly studied ancient history. Her The emperor now controlled Rome and had power over the pope. With the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, Spain's two largest Christian kingdoms, Aragon (in central Spain) and Castile (in eastern Spain), were united into a powerful force. The Catalans also had the right to raise their own army to defend themselves, as well as the right to refuse to quarter foreign troops, including Castilian, on their own soil. After retaking Jerusalem from the Muslims during the First Crusade, the Christians began establishing Crusader kingdoms around the Mediterranean Sea. The Moors surrendered Toledo to the Christians in 1085. Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. Elyot's dictionary (1538) was the first to provide English equivalents for all the words in the classical Latin vocabulary. A brutal campaign against the Waldensians demolished twenty-two towns and killed four thousand people. Increasingly, Wolsey handled state affairs; he became archbishop of York in 1514, chancellor and representative to the papacy (office of the pope) in 1515. Philip's grandson, Louis IX (12141270; ruled 122670), had a long reign. The Armada would then sail on to England and stage a massive sea assault. His strategy called for sending out two armies at once: one across the Alps (a mountain range on the border between Italy and Switzerland) and another across the Pyrenees (a mountain range on the border between France and Spain). Ferdinand's most brilliant military and political successes were achieved in Italy during the Italian Wars, a series of conflicts in which Spain and France were fighting over control of Naples and Sicily (see discussion of the Italian Wars in "France" section previously in this chapter). In August 1520 he met with Henry VIII in Calais, France, at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, hoping to win Henry's support in the war against Spain. He lost power to John Dudley (15021553), earl of Warwick, who was the most important figure in the government for the remainder of Edward's reign. Doria was a soldier-for-hire who hailed from Genoa but, in 1527, held the post of commander of French naval forces. The Italian Wars finally ended after a seventh war, which lasted from 1547 until 1559. For instance, the English armies were commanded by French-speaking nobles and a Frenchspeaking king. He believed he had left to his son, King Philip III (15781621; ruled 15981621), a nation relatively free from international difficulties. Although Francis had able military advisers, he failed to score a victory. The Cortes of Castile announced that, before they would approve any funds, Charles had to give Spain priority over the Holy Roman Empire. Among them was William I Prince of Orange (15331584), the spiritual leader of the rebellion. Rise of Kingdoms is a mobile MMO real-time strategy game inspired by history. Although the English maintained control of Calais until 1558, they were never again a serious threat to French sovereignty, or independent rule. Tons of silver from the mines of Potosi as well as Mexican and Peruvian gold and gems were streaming into Spanish ports aboard giant galleons (the large, heavy ships used by Spain). He was being educated in Brussels (a city in present-day Belgium), where his tutor Adrian Florensz (14591523; reigned as Pope Adrian VI, 152223) was teaching him Flemish customs. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (Latin: imperium Francorum), was the territory inhabited and ruled by the Franks from the third to the tenth century.The Frankish realm was ruled as one polity subdivided into several regna (kingdoms or subkingdoms). Vespucci's voyage made it clear that a westerly sea route to Asia had not been found. 1 France And Germany Were Both Once Part Of What Kingdom? Juan de Padilla (c. 14901521), a representative from Toledo, organized leaders in other cities into a "Holy League of Cities." Shortly after the death of Henry V, Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261), who was Charles VI's son, slowly began to regain French territories from the English. Charles's advisers bribed the German princes who served as electors, however, and in 1519 Charles took office as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. As both the king of Spain and head of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles was now the most powerful ruler in Europe. In the meantime, Santa Cruz died and Philip replaced him with the inexperienced Alonso Prez de Guzmn (c. 15501619), duke of Medina-Sidonia. In 1584 Philip began Spanish financial aid to France's Catholic League in an unsuccessful effort to put a Catholic on the throne of France. Below the lords were vassals (knights), who held smaller amounts of land awarded to them by lords. T o F, the rise of the Ottoman Turks' empire between the thirteenth and fifteenth century and more. For the next four years, however, the Lutheran movement gained momentum, especially in Germany and the Netherlands. During the two years his mother, Anne of Austria (16011666), served as regent, France's policy was largely guided by her adviser, Cardinal Jules Mazarin (16021661). Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. Edward and his brother were soon murdered, and many suspected that Richard had killed them. The soldiers were equally angrynot at the pope but at Charlesbecause they had not received their wages. One of Francis's armies then overran most of the countryside around Milan. In one year alone, Francis had spent 5.5 million livres (the French unit of currency at that time) on the war. The prospect of having Charles someday take the thrones of both Castile and Aragon disturbed Ferdinand. Each house used the image of a rose to represent itselfa red rose for Lancaster and a white rose for York. Many Moriscos paid considerable sums of money to Catholic Church officials so they could stay in the country. 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rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom